Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup J2
Possible time of origin 18,500 +/- 3,500 years ago.[1]
Possible place of origin Mesopotamia[2][3]
Ancestor J
Defining mutations M172
Highest frequencies Ingush 32[4]-88.8%,[5] Georgians(Kazbegi) 72%,[6] Chechens 55.2%,[5] Azeris 24%[7]-48%,[6] Cypriots 30%[3]-37%,[8] Iraqis 25%[9]-35%,[3][10] Avars5%,[11] Yagnobis 32%,[6] Lebanese 25%[1]-30%,[6][8] Syrians 14%[7]-29%, Kurds 28%,[12] Georgians 21%[6]-33%,[13] Turks 13%[14]-40%,[15] Abkhaz 25%,[4] Balkars 24%,[16] South Ossetians 24%,[4] Greeks 10%[17]-48%,[17] Iranians 10%[4]-25%,[6] Armenians 21%[6]-24%,[4] Italians 9%-36%,[18] Sephardi Jews 15%[12]-29%,[1] Palestinians 17%[12]-25%<small , Albanians 16%[16]-23.5%,[15] Ashkenazi Jews 15%[19]-24%,[12] Maltese 21%,[8] Yadavs 20%.[6]

In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 (M172) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J. It is further divided into two complementary clades, J2a-M410 and J2b-M12.[20]

Contents

Origins

Haplogroup J2 is widely believed to be associated with the spread of agriculture from Mesopotamia.[1][9]

"The main spread of J2 into the Mediterranean area is thought to have coincided with the expansion of agricultural people's during the Neolithic period."[2] The age of J2 has been estimated as 18,500 +/- 3,500 years ago.[1] Its distribution, centered in Western Asia and Southeastern Europe, its association with the presence of Neolithic archaeological artifacts, such as figurines and painted pottery,[21] and its association with annual precipitation have been interpreted as evidence that J2, and in particular its J2a-M410 subclade belonged to the agricultural innovators who followed the rainfall.[22] However, Di Giacomo stressed the role of post-Neolithic migratory phenomenon, specifically that of the Ancient Greeks, as also being important in the dispersal of Hg J2.[7] Haplogroup J2b on the other hand is associated with the Neolithic Greeks that spread agriculture. It has been found in the Dravidian middle classes in high frequencies also in the Northwest of India.

Distribution

Haplogroup J2 is found mainly in the Fertile Crescent, the Caucasus,[13] Anatolia, the Balkans, Italy, the Mediterranean littoral, and the Iranian plateau.[1]

The highest reported frequency of J2 ever was 87,4%, among Ingush in Malgobek.[5]

More specifically it is found in Iraq,[9] Syria,[23] Lebanon,[24] Turkey,[14] Georgia,[13] Azerbaijan,[7] North Caucasus,[4] Armenia,[6] Iran,[4] Israel,[1] Palestine,[1] Cyprus,[8] Greece,[17] Albania,[15] Italy,[18] and Spain,[25] and more frequently in Iraqis 30%,[10] Cypriots 30%,[3] Chechens 55.2%[5] Lebanese 25%,[1] South Ossetians 24%,[4] Balkars 24%,[16] Syrians 23%,[23] Georgians 21%[6]-33%,[13] Turks 13%[14]-40%,[15] Armenians 21%[6]-24%,[4] Iranians 10%[4]-25%,[6] Albanians 16%[16]-24%,[15] Italians 9%-36%,[18] Sephardi Jews 15%[12]-29%,[1] Maltese 21%,[8] Palestinians 17%,[1] Saudis 16%,[26] Jordanians 14%, and Omanis 10%-15%.[7][23]

J2 is found at very high frequencies in the peoples of the Caucasus - among the Georgians 21%[6]-72%,[6] Azeris 24%[7]-48%,[6] Avars 5%,[11] Ingush 32%,[4] Chechens 55.2%[5] Abkhaz 25%,[4] Balkars 24%,[16] South Ossetians 24%,[4] Armenians 21%[6]-24%,[4] and other groups.[4][13]

In Europe, the frequency of Haplogroup J2 drops dramatically as one moves northward away from the Mediterranean. In Italy, J2 is found with regional frequencies ranging between 9% and 36%.[18] In Greece, it is found with regional frequencies ranging between 10% and 48%. Approximately 24% of Turkish men are J2 according to a recent study,[14] with regional frequencies ranging between 13% and 40%.[15] Combined with J1, up to half of the Turkish population belongs to Haplogroup J.

It has been proposed that haplogroup subclade J2a-M410 was linked to populations on ancient Crete by examining the relationship between Anatolian, Cretan, and Greek populations from around early Neolithic sites.[27] Haplogroup J2b-M12 was associated with Neolithic Greece (ca. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and was reported to be found in modern Crete (3.1%) and mainland Greece (Macedonia 7.0%, Thessaly 8.8%, Argolis 1.8%).[28]

Sephardi Jews have about 15%[12]-29%,[1] of haplogroup J2, and Ashkenazi Jews have 15%[19]-23%.[1] It was reported in an early study which tested only four STR markers[29] that a small sample of Italian Cohens belonged to Network 1.2, an early designation for the overall clade now known as J2a4, defined by the deletion at DYS413. However, a large number of all Jewish Cohens in the world belong to haplogroup J1 (see Cohen modal haplotype).

J2 subclades are also found in Central Asia, and South Asia.

Haplogroup J2 has been shown to have a more northern distribution in the Middle East, although it exists in significant amounts in the southern middle-east regions, a lesser amount of it was found when compared to its brother haplogroup, J1, which has a high frequency southerly distribution. This suggests that, if the occurrence of Haplogroup J among modern populations of Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia does reflect Neolithic demic diffusion from the Middle East, the source population is more likely to have originated from Anatolia, the Levant or northern Mesopotamia than from regions further south.

Haplogroup J2a-M410 in India was found to be largely confined to the castes[20] with no occurrence in the tribals, but a new study has found it at higher percentages (10%) among the Tharu indigenous people of Terai, Nepal.[30] In India, the J2 haplogroup is almost absent from tribals. Haplogroup J2b is associated with the Neolithic Greeks that spread agriculture. It has been found in the Dravidian middle classes in high frequencies also in the Northwest of India.The frequency of J2 is higher in South Indian castes (19%) than in North Indian castes (11%) or Pakistan (12%).[20] Haplogroup J was found to be even more common in India's Shia Muslim community, of which 28.7% belong to haplogroup J, with 13.7% in J2a-M410, 10.6% in J1 and 4.4% in J2b.[31] The high variance of J2b2 in South Asia indicates a probable pre-Neolithic migration.[20][30]

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for J2, showing its distribution in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia.

Country/Region Sampling N J2 Study
Algeria Oran 102 4.9 Robino et al. (2008)
Bosnia-Herzegovina Serbs 81 8.7 Battaglia et al. (2009)
Caucasus Abkhaz 58 13.8 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Avar 115 6 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Chechen 330 57 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Circassians 142 21.8 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Dargins 101 1 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Ingush 143 88.8 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Kaitak 33 3 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Kubachi 65 0 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Lezghins 81 2.5 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Ossets 357 16 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Shapsug 100 6 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus 1525 28.1 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Cyprus 164 12.9 El-Sibai et al. (2009)[32]
Egypt 124 7.6 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Egypt 147 12.0 Abu-Amero et al. (2009)
Europe Ashkenazim Jewish 442 19 Behar et al. (2004)
Greece 154 18.1 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Greece Crete 143 35 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Iberia 655 7 Fregel et al. (2009)
Iberia 1140 7.7 Adams et al. (2008)
Iran 92 25 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Iraq 117 25.1 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Israel Akka 101 18.6 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Italy Sicily 212 22.6 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Italy Mainland 699 20 Capelli et al. (2007)
Italy Central Marche 59 35.6 Capelli et al. (2007)
Italy West Calabria 57 35.1 Capelli et al. (2007)
Italy Val Badia 34 8.8 Capelli et al. (2007)
Jordan 273 14.6 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Lebanon 951 29.4 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Malta 90 21.1 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Oman 121 10.0 Abu-Amero et al. (2009)
Morocco 221 4.1 Fregel et al. (2009)
North Africa Algeria, Tunisia 202 3.5 Fregel et al. (2009)
Pakistan 176 11.9 Abu-Amero et al. (2009)
Portugal North, Center, South 303 6.9 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Portugal Tras-os-Montes (Jews) 57 24.5 Nogueiro et al. (2010)
Qatar 72 8.3 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Sardinia 81 9.9 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Saudi Arabia 157 15.9 Abu-Amero et al. (2009)
Spain Mallorca 62 8.1 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Spain Sevilla 155 7.8 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Spain Leon 60 5 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Spain Ibiza 54 3.7 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Spain Cantabria 70 2.9 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Spain Galicia 292 13 Brion et al. (2004)
Spain Canary Islands 652 10.5 Fregel et al. (2009)
Syria Syria 554 20.8 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Tunisia Tunisia 62 8 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Turkey 523 24.2 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
UAE 164 10.3 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Yemen 62 9.6 El-Sibai et al. (2009)

Subclades

Haplogroup J2 is subdivided into two complementary sub-haplogroups: J2a, defined by the M410 genetic marker, and J2b, defined by the M12 genetic marker.

Tree

Below are the subclades of Haplogroup J with their defining mutations, according to the ISOGG tree (as of April2009). Note that the descent-based identifiers may be subject to change, as new SNPs are discovered that augment and clarify the tree.

References

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Bibliography

  1. ^ Renfrew, A.C. (1987). Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins, London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6612-5
  2. ^ A. Nebel et al. (2001), The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East, Americal Journal of Human Genetics 69(5):1095-112.
  3. ^ P. Malaspina et al. (2001), A multistep process for the dispersal of a Y chromosomal lineage in the Mediterranean area, Ann Hum Genet.2001 Jul;65(Pt 4):339-49.

External links

Evolutionary tree of Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups
most recent common Y-ancestor
A
A1b A1a-T
A1a A2-T
A2 A3 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
G H IJK
IJ K
I J LT K(xLT)
L T M NO P S
O N Q R

Y-DNA by populations · Famous Y-DNA haplotypes